434,000 people in the U.S. have end-stage renal disease, which is the state of having total or nearly total permanent kidney failure. In 4% of cases, the cause is unknown. Another 9.2% are due to uncommon causes, like genetic or physical abnormalities, poisons, etc.

Diabetes
Hypertension
(high blood pressure)
Asthma
Glomerulonephritis
Interstitial nephritis/
Pyelonephritis
SARS
Thyroid disease